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| c. 1000 |
| | | A Muslim dynasty is established at Gao, on the Niger | |
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| 1025 |
| | | Mahmud of Ghazni marches an army across an Indian desert to destroy a great temple at Somnath, killing - it is said - some 50,000 Hindus | |
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| c. 1050 |
| | | Islam reaches Kanem-Bornu, a joint kingdom encompassing the eastern and western shores of Lake Chad | |
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| c. 1050 |
| | | A Muslim dynasty is established at Kilwa, on the east African coast | |
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| 1085 |
| | | Toledo is captured from the Muslims by Alfonso VI of Castile, who continues the city's traditions of religious tolerance | |
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| 1091 |
| | | Roger I, the first Norman count of Sicily, completes the conquest of the island from the Muslims | |
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| 1094 |
| | | Rodrigo Diaz, known as El Cid, drives out the Muslims and wins Valencia | |
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| 1095 |
| | | Pope Urban II preaches the first crusade, urging the Christians of Europe to march east to recover Jerusalem from the Muslims | |
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| 1099 |
| | | Crusaders capture the holy city of Jerusalem and massacre the Muslim and Jewish inhabitants | |
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| 1120 |
| | | The Knights Templar are founded, to protect pilgrims from the Muslims on the journey to Jerusalem | |
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